“物勒工名”——紫禁城宫殿建筑琉璃瓦件款识中的匠与作

“Object Bearing the Name of Its Craftsman”:The Craftsmanship and Manufacturing of the Glazed Tiles for the Forbidden City Architecture through Seal Marks

我国建筑琉璃构件的生产烧造有着悠久的历史,紫禁城明清宫殿建筑琉璃构件代表了我国古代建筑琉璃构件制作工艺的最高水平,其生产烧造和使用由皇家监督管理,有着严格的窑作管理制度。"物勒工名"自古有之,同样也体现在明清紫禁城宫殿建筑使用的琉璃瓦件上。从琉璃构件上所保有的款识印记来看,有着丰富的历史文化内涵,蕴藏着大量珍贵的历史信息,反映了统治阶级不同历史时期的窑作管理制度,也记录着琉璃工匠的责任与担当。这些保留下来的历史信息对于我们研究琉璃构件的发展历史和烧制工艺以及对这项技艺的传承提供了不可多得的历史和实物资料。

Manufacturing and firing of glazed components for traditional Chinese architecture has a long history.Glazed components used for constructing the Ming(1368-1644)and the Qing(1644-1911)imperial palace known as the Forbidden City represent the highest-level of craftsmanship.The firing and manufacturing of those tiles were imperially supervised and managed with strict institutional regulations for imperial kilns.The tradition of“object bearing the name of its craftsman”(wule gongming)has a long history,which is also embodied in the glazed tiles of the Forbidden City.Judging from extant seal marks on the glazed components,this practice entails rich historical and cultural connotations.It contains plenty of precious historical information,reflects the management and manufacturing regulations for imperial kilns stipulated by rulers over the periods,and records the craftsmen’s responsibility and accountability.Such historical information provides us with rare historical and physical reference for the research on the glazed components’development and firing techniques and the inheritance of this craft.