故宫灵沼轩陶瓷砖的分析研究

Analysis and Research on Ceramic Tiles of the Bower of Spirit Pool(Lingzhao Xuan) in the Forbidden City

灵沼轩是紫禁城内遗存为数不多的西式建筑,其建筑内墙和地面铺贴了大量陶瓷砖,因缺乏文献记载,陶瓷砖的来源不明;又因建筑年久失修,陶瓷砖存在脱落、缺失等问题,须对其进行系统分析研究。本文在对陶瓷砖实地调研的基础上,选取16种陶瓷砖样品进行测试分析。通过对陶瓷砖的胎釉元素分析、物相分析、显微结构观察、烧成温度分析和釉色分析,完成了灵沼轩陶瓷砖的分类、总结了陶瓷砖的胎釉原料及烧成工艺。在上述分析基础上,查阅相关文献,确定了灵沼轩全部陶瓷砖的来源,即德国不莱梅旁法格(Farge)小镇的威特堡(Witteburg)陶瓷厂和德国唯宝(VILLEROY&BOCH)公司。

The Bower of Spirit Pool(Lingzhao Xuan)is one of the few Western architectures in the Forbidden City.The interior wall and floor of the building are covered and decorated with a large number of ceramic tiles.Due to lack of records,the origin of these ceramic tiles was unknown.Due to the fact that the building fell into disrepair over the history,some of the tiles are missing or fell off.Therefore,the tiles need to be systematically analyzed and studied.Based on on-site investigation,sixteen tile samples were selected for test and analysis.Through chemical composition analysis,phase analysis,microstructure observation,firing temperature analysis of the body and glaze,and glaze color determination,the tiles are separated into different categories,raw materials and firing techniques are summarized.On the basis of the aforementioned analysis,with additional support for historical records,two origins of the Bower’s ceramic tiles are determined:Germany’s Witteburg Steingutfabrik factory in Farge near Bremen and VILLEROY&BOCH.