紫禁城中灶具的种类形制与使用功能的调查

Types and Functions of Kitchen Utensils in the Forbidden City

明清代紫禁城内廷生活区内有多处灶房,按照功能用途分为三类:第一类是专门用于祭祀活动,如坤宁宫、宁寿宫内的灶房;第二类用于日常生活,如御膳房专为皇帝服务,东西六宫、毓庆宫等处的灶房是为后妃、皇子们日常生活饮食服务的;第三类是浴德堂的灶房,是专供沐浴烧热水的地方,古老且独一无二。本文从故宫历史档案和实物遗存为依据展开叙述,对其构造、功能特殊性进行解构。希望文物保护工作者们对这一濒临失传的古老传统技艺高度重视,用科学的方法进行研究和保护,并有条件地进行修缮和恢复,再现并传承这一具有时代特征的传统技艺,同时希望所提供材料能为研究明清宫廷生活提供帮助。

Multiple kitchens can be found in the Forbidden City’s inner court during the Qing dynasty(1644-1911),which can largely be divided into three categories based on their functions–those served the purpose of sacrificial ceremonies–such as the kitchen at the Palace of Earthly Tranquility(Kunning gong)and the Palace of Tranquil Longevity(Ningshou gong),those dedicated to daily routine,such as the imperial kitchen for the emperor,and kitchens at the six eastern and six western palaces,and the Palace for Nurturing Joy(Yuqing gong)serving the food for empress,imperial consorts,and princes,as well as the kitchen at the Hall for Cultivating Virtues(Yude tang),and ancient and unique place where water was boiled for bathing.This article looks into the structure and functions of the kitchens based on historical records and physical remains of those spaces and relate utensils in the hope of calling for the attention of cultural heritage preservation professionals to the scientific protection and restoration of this traditional technique and that the information could help with the studies of court life during the Ming(1368-1644)and the Qing dynasties.