《探亲相骂》内府承应与民间演出之比较兼论侉戏的戏曲史定位

Comparative Study between the Imperial Staging and the Folk Presentation of the Opera Mother Hu Visiting Granny Li;A Discussion of the Importance of Kuaxi in the History of Chinese Opera

以《探亲相骂》为代表的一批演唱吹腔或弦索腔的剧目在戏曲史上历来缺乏准确的评价和定位。民国至今这类剧目被视为京剧,但在京剧形成前,则被视为昆曲剧目。究其原因在于,此类腔调从未产生统一而独立的声腔或剧种称谓。现宜借用民间"侉调"概念和清内府"侉戏"概念,将这类剧目统称为侉戏。使用"侉戏"概念不仅具有文献依据和腔调生成方面的合理性,而且可避免将侉戏所涉腔调误认为是京剧早期腔调。以《探亲相骂》为代表的侉戏乾嘉年间在京城流行的盛况,是花雅之争中京腔消歇之后而皮黄未起之前的一个重要时期;也是地方声腔在全国范围纷纷涌现背景下,吹腔、弦索腔在北京地区流传的一个缩影。侉戏以其独特的腔调个性和强大的生命力,至今依然流传在众多地方剧种当中。

Represented by Mother Hu Visiting Granny Li(Tanqin xiangma),a number of Chinese operas which are dominated by Chui-tone and Xiansuo-tone songs are in dire need of due recognition and accurate comments along the history of traditional opera.Before the Peking Opera was officially born,these operas had been seen as Kunqu Opera.Since the Republican period(1912-1949),they have been categorized into Peking Opera.The reason for such categorization lies in that the tones of chui and xiansuo have never grown into an independent and unified tone or opera at all.Nowadays it is suitable to collectively refer to them as the"Kua"(lit.accentual)tone,a form of vocal performance existed both among folks and in the Qing imperial court.The adoption of the concept of"Kua"tone is feasible both in the senses of textual study and vocal technique.The beauty of such categorization is that it helps to separate the tunes and tones from prototypes of the Peking Opera.The essay argues,that the time when the"Kua"tone operas,represented by Mother Hu Visiting Granny Li,thrived in the capital city during the Qianlong-Jiaqing reigns(1723-1820)is an interim between the dying-out of the Peking tone and the forming of Xipi and Erhuang tunes during the competition between the orthodoxical tune and the miscellaneous local tunes.It reflects the general situation in which local tones were spread all over China and the Chui-tone and the Xiansuo-tone were introduced to Beijing in particular.With its unique charm of voice and melodies,as well as the enduring vitality,the Kua opera is still among the repertoire of many local operas.