同治帝大婚瓷器的再认识

Re-understanding the Porcelain Used for the Tongzhi Emperor’s Wedding

本文通过梳理清宫档案,结合故宫博物院藏同治帝大婚瓷器,明确同治帝大婚瓷器按款识分为四大类:"同治年制"款、"吉祥如意"款、"长春同庆"款和"燕喜同和"款,其中"同治年制"款瓷器不仅包括预备皇后需用瓷器,还包括内务府用瓷、内廷传办用瓷、御茶膳房用瓷、祈福应用瓷器,通过实物的比较研究,明确目前故宫博物院藏同治帝大婚瓷器系两批烧造的产品,从釉色、纹饰、造型、款识方面概括两批大婚瓷器的区别,并对以同治帝大婚瓷器为代表的晚清景德镇御窑厂的制瓷水平和管理情况做出进一步思考。

A careful examination of the Palace Museum collection of the Tongzhi Emperor’s wedding porcelain with reference to the Qing dynasty archives identifies four categories bearing different inscriptive marks:"Made in the Tongzhi reign"(Tongzhi nianzhi),"Auspiciousness and luckiness"(Jixiang ruyi),"Eternal spring for celebration"(Changchun tongqing),and"Banquet for celebrating universal harmony"(Yanxi tonghe).The porcelain with the reign mark"Made in the Tongzhi reign"were manufactured not only for the would-be empress but also for providing to the Imperial Household Department,Imperial Tea and Meal Office,and for sacrificial rituals and other special purposes by imperial order.Based on comparative study,the essay argues that the extant porcelain for the Tongzhi Emperor’s wedding in the Palace Museum collection belongs to two batches of production.It generalizes the differences between the two groups in glaze color,decorative pattern,shape,and mark,and conducts a further discussion about the level of firing techniques and management of the Jingdezhen imperial kiln factory in the late Qing dynasty.