清代养心殿东佛堂祭祖研究

On the Qing Dynasty Sacrificial Offering to Ancestors in the Eastern Hall for Worshipping Buddha of the Hall of Mental Cultivation

雍正年间,为纪念康熙帝,雍正帝改养心殿东西配殿为佛堂,并在东佛堂供奉康熙帝及雍正帝生母孝恭皇后神牌。乾隆帝登基后,将其上升为礼制,养心殿东佛堂正式成为供奉帝后神牌的原庙。养心殿东佛堂升袝帝后神主奉行的是"亲亲"原则:供奉的皇帝为当朝皇帝的祖父辈及父辈,为二亲庙祭祀格局,新的帝后神牌入祀,当朝皇帝高祖辈神牌依次迁祧到寿皇殿,配享的皇后是皇帝生母,而不一定是地位最尊贵的嫡皇后。

During the Yongzheng reign(1723-1735),eastern and western side halls of the Hall of Mental Cultivation(Yangxin dian)was repurposed as halls for worshipping Buddha in honor of the late Kangxi emperor(r.1662-1722).Spirit tablets of both the Kangxi emperor and the biological mother of the Yongzheng emperor were housed in the eastern hall for worshipping.After the enthronement of the Qianlong emperor(r.1736-1795),the function of the eastern hall was institutionalized and formally became the venue for worshipping imperial ancestors where spirit tablets of certain imperial family members were housed.The admittance follows the"direct blood-tie"rule:only the direct two elder generations(paternal members)of the reigning emperor are entitled to be worshipped here.When new emperor succeeded the throne,his father and mother-as the matching member for sacrifice-were added to the worshipping list while spiritual tablets of his great-great-grandfather and great-great-grandmother were to be relocated elsewhere to the Hall of Imperial Longevity(Shouhuang dian).The female matching member for sacrifice shall be the biological mother of the reigning emperor,not necessarily the most prestigious female figure known as the empress.