美国宪法征收条款中的“公共用途”——一页美国法的考察(1787—2017)

从立宪原旨考察,美国宪法征收条款的逻辑起点在于对私有财产权的保护,其原始意图和原始含义更倾向于对"公共用途"作出狭义解释。19世纪,美国法院通过判例基本延续了这一立宪原旨,直到20世纪,"公共用途"的内涵被逐渐扩大到"公共目的",众多商业开发被纳入了"公共用途"的射程之内。凯洛案之后,立法和司法部门作出了强烈的回应以限缩对"公共用途"的理解。美国法上"公共用途"含义的变迁即是以保护私人财产权为原点,利用司法权对其进行灵活的时代映射。

From the original intention of Constitution,the logical starting point of the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment is to protect private property,and from the limited historical data,its original intention and original meaning are more inclined to make a narrow interpretation of"public use".In the 19 th century,the US courts basically continued the constitutional purpose through jurisprudence.Until the twentieth century,the connotation of"public use"was gradually expanded to"public purposes",and many commercial developments were included in the"public use".After the Kelo case,the legislative and judicial authorities made a strong response to limit the understanding of"public use".In short,the change of the meaning of"public use"in American law is to protect the private property rights as the origin,and use the judicial power to make a flexible time map.