论美国餐馆监管制度发展历史及制度现状

美国餐馆监管经历了从无到有,从简单到相对完善的发展阶段。由于联邦制的国家制度,美国餐馆监管的法律制度形成了联邦、州和地方三个不同的层级。联邦和州的卫生监督机构以制定法律、规则为主,地方政府的健康监管机构作为一线的执法机关,成为监督餐馆食品安全的基石,在监督餐馆食品安全方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。美国联邦食品药品监督管理局制定的《食品法典》虽没有强制的法律效力,但是在被各州的法律采纳后,逐渐成为统一执法标准。在该法典的典范作用下及各州及地方政府自治权下,逐渐形成了餐馆许可、菜单标签、监督检查、检查结果公示及违法行为处理等一套相对完整的监管制度体系。这一整套体系的形成及构建对我国餐馆监管有着极大的借鉴意义。我国的监管机关需要在整体制度的构建、具体规范的执行等方面,借鉴相关内容,并通过中国实践完善餐馆监管制度。

American restaurant regulatory system has experienced a history of development.Due to the federal system,the legal system of American restaurant regulation has formed three levels,named federal level,state level and local level.Federal and state health agencies mainly make laws and regulations.Local government health supervision agencies,as front-line law enforcement agencies,have become the cornerstone and play an indispensable role in supervising food safety in restaurants.Although the Food Code has no mandatory legal effection,it has gradually become a unified law enforcement standard after being adopted by the laws of each state.Under the exemplary role of the Code and the autonomy of the state and local governments,a relatively complete set of regulatory system has been formed,such as restaurant licenses,menu labels,supervision and inspection,inspection information disclosure,and punishment.The formation and construction of the whole system has great reference significance for the restaurants regulatory system in China.China’s regulatory authorities need to draw on relevant content in the construction of the overall system,the implementation of specific norms,and improve the restaurant regulatory system by Chinese enforcement practice.