“江总现象”:唐宋文学批评的碰撞与转折

“Jiang Zong Phenomenon”:The Collision and Transition of Literary Criticism in Tang and Song Dynasties

在中国文学批评史上,随着时代的变化,对作家的评价往往会产生落差,江总即是典型的例子。南北朝至唐代,他的作品被普遍接受,备受尊崇,而到了两宋时期,他的评价一落千丈,遭受大量负面批评,文学成就被刻意淡化。与之境况相似的,还有司马相如、曹植、陆机等人,这就构成了中国文学史上一个特殊的"江总现象"。其所涉及的作家具有以下共性:属于上层社会的文学集团领袖,享有盛誉;在道德上与传统儒家观念背离,遭受非议;创作上重视词采,崇尚典丽。"江总现象"的出现,与唐宋审美意识的转变相关,也是唐宋道德评价的侧重不同所致,更与科举取士方式的变革有一定联系。它体现了宋人对魏晋南北朝隋唐文学的独特接受过程,标志着宋代文学批评对传统儒家诗教观的强化,是考察中国古代从唐型文化向宋型文化转型的重要窗口。

In the history of Chinese literary criticism,with the changes of the times,there is often a gap in the evaluation of writers;Jiang Zong is a typical example.From the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty,his works were widely accepted and revered.However,in the Song Dynasty,his evaluation had plummeted,which subjected to a lot of negative criticism.Similar to the situation,there are Sima Xiangru,Cao Zhi,Lu Ji and so on,which lead to"Jiang Zong phenomenon".The writers involved have the following commonalities:leaders of literary groups belonging to the upper class;morally deviating from traditional Confucian values;the creation attaches words and elegant.The appearance of"Jiang Zong phenomenon"is related to the change of aesthetic consciousness in Tang and Song Dynasties,also because of the different emphasis of moral evaluation in Tang and Song Dynasties,and related to the reform of imperial examination.It reflects the Song people’s unique acceptance of the literature of the Sui and Tang Dynasties,and marks the intensification of traditional Confucianism by literary criticism in Song Dynasty,which is an important window to the transition from the culture of Tang to Song in ancient China.