《文心雕龙·比兴》“兴”义简约之原因新探

A New Exploration of the Cause of Concise Form of “Xing” on “Bi-Xing” in Wen Xin Diao Long

《文心雕龙·比兴》虽以"比"、"兴"为题,但阐释力度并不均衡,"比"义详湛而"兴"义简扼。若从"兴"义的演进及分类层面着眼,对此一问题会有新的认识。"兴"义自出现伊始,即负载着启发、教化的经学内涵,魏晋六朝时期,随着个体生命意识的觉醒,人们对"兴"的理解越来越贴近于朴素的"兴感"维度。"兴"的审美发生意义与教化阐释功能发生碰撞。在此状况下,刘勰实际上是将关于"兴"义的审美思考放置到了"情以物兴"的"兴感"层面,将其经学意涵放置在了《比兴》篇中的"兴喻"层面。刘勰虽对审美式的"兴感"多有贡献,但在"兴喻"问题上,则摇摆于审美思维与经学思维之间。在此艰难的张力性夹缝中,刘勰似乎还是更多地偏向了道德、教化的"兴刺"一面,但却简明扼要、点到即止,而"兴隐"的提出也暗示出一些审美意味的端倪。从某种意义上来说,"兴隐"之"兴",其实是刘勰宗经思想的一种个人化呈现,是一种"妥协"和"折中"的产物。

Although"bi"and"xing"are the topics of"Bi-Xing"in Wen Xin Diao Long,the interpretation is not balanced,and"bi"is more detailed than"xing".If we review the evolution of"xing",there will be a new understanding of the problem."Xing"is loaded with the connotation of political education since it appeared at the beginning.In the later development,"xing"and"bi",one displays the praise function;the other one shows the irony function.They end up synthesizing one word"bi-xing"(比兴)which has a more intense educational tendency.In the Wei and Jin Dynasties,people’s understanding of"xing"became more and more emotional with the awakening of individual life consciousness.The aesthetic significance of"xing"is colliding with the educational function.In this situation,Liu Xie actually places the aesthetic thinking about"xing"on the level of"qing-yi-wu-xing"(情以物兴),and places his political and educational reflection in the article of"bi-xing".In the article of"bi-xing",the interpretation of"xing"is concise.Based on the way to the aesthetic process,the shackles of politics and morality have been counterproductive.The proposal of"xing-yin"in the article of"bixing"is actually apersonal representation of Liu Xie.It is the product of compromise.