汉日“防止”类隐性否定动词对比研究——以汉语“防止”和日语「防止する」「防ぐ」为例

A contrastive study of“fangzhi”type of implicit negative verbs between Chinese and Japanese:Taking fangzhi and boushisuru fusegu as examples

本文以汉日“防止”类隐性否定动词中的“防止”和「防止する」「防ぐ」为例,从语义和句法两方面进行了对比分析。在语义上,两者均内隐“使某不良事态不发生”的否定义,汉语所接宾语多为“社会”类,且呈现出与社会民生关联紧密的语义特征;日语则多为“变动”类,语义可概括为“阻止某不良趋向的产生”。在与显性否定标记的共现方面,汉日均呈现出肯否不对称的特征,且均可允准羡余否定的共现。在极项允准功能方面,汉语“防止”内隐的否定义具备必要的否定语境,可以允准代词性否定极项词“什么”的共现,与此相对,日语「防止する」「防ぐ」的否定语义较弱,无法允准否定极项词的共现。

This paper,taking fangzhi(prevent)in Chinese and boushisuru fusegu in Japanese as examples,makes a detailed contrastive analysis of the fangzhi type of implicit negative verbs in Chinese and Japanese concerning their semantic and syntactic features.It has been found that both of them imply the negative meaning of“making something bad not happen”.However,in Chinese,the objects of these verbs are usually related to society,showing a close-knit semantic feature with people’s livelihood,while those in Japanese mostly indicate change,whose semantics can be summarized as“preventing the emergence of an undesirable tendency”.When it comes to the location relationship with the negation mark,both Chinese and Japanese show the typical characteristic of the asymmetry between affirmative and negative sentences,and they also allow the co-occurrence of the redundant negation.In terms of the NPI-licensing function,the connotative negative meaning in the Chinese phrase fangzhi possesses enough necessary semantic conditions,thus allowing the co-occurrence of the interrogative pronoun shenme(whatever)as the negative polarity item.Instead,in Japanese,the negative meaning hidden in boushisuru and fusegu is too weak to be permitted to co-occur with the negative polarity term.