日语示证标记「ミタイ」的诞生与发展

The rise and development of Japanese evidential Marker mitai

日语示证标记「ミタイ」源于近世后期产生的「ヲミタヨウ」结构,后者经过宾格标记脱落和语音消蚀,1880年前后出现「ミタイ」形式。之后,两者并用几十年,直到20世纪40年代「ミタイ」完全取代「ヲミタヨウ」。20世纪30年代「ミタイ」由〈比喻〉发展出以〈推知〉为主的示证功能以及〈委婉〉功能。「ミタイ」示证功能的获得过程在形式方面违背语法化单向性假说,在功能方面则符合主观化的特征。「ミタイ」在20世纪后期又衍生出表示〈附和〉的独立用法并表现出体现韵律独立的音高重音变化倾向。

Japanese evidential mitai originated from the construction omitayoo which emerged in late Early Modern Japanese.After dropping the accusative marker and phonetic erosion,omitayoo evolved into mitai around 1880.The two forms coexisted for a few decades until the 1940s when omitayoo was completely replaced by mitai.In the 1930s,mitai developed evidential functions,primarily inferential,out of simile and acquired the use of euphemism.The formal change of mitai in the process of acquiring evidential functions runs counter to the unidirectionality hypothesis of grammaticalization,but the functional change conforms to the criteria of subjectification.During the second half of the 20th century,independent use as an affirmative appeared and a change of pitch accent pattern towards prosodic independence also took place.