现代日语中的一种负面评价表达构式「Xない」——兼与汉语对比

A negative assessment construction “X Nai” in mordern Japanese:Compared with Chinese

现代日语中存在一种负面评价表达构式「Xない」。该构式的句法特征表现为评价对象X通常不表示具体的事物或行为,而是泛指具有某种属性的事物或行为,它后面常常伴随标记话题的成分。从语用特征来看,该构式基本出现在话轮之末,用作回应语。「Xない」在意义解读方面与该构式的其他情态意义用法存在共性,都是一种语用情态意义。但从规约化的角度来看,负面评价用法的规约化程度低于其他用法,而在「Xない」负面评价用法内部,X是"小句+名词化形式"时规约化程度也要低于X是指示词「それ」时。通过与汉语的对比,可以得知该构式不具有跨语言的普遍性,现代日语中能够形成该构式与无定成分作话题时的构式压制以及存在动词的词汇义有关。

This paper studies a negative assessment construction"X Nai"in Mordern Japanese.In this construction,Topic X is usually used to represent an attribute rather than a specific event.In addition,the construction occurs as responsive assessment in a conversation.Including the negative assessment meaning,all types of modality which are expressed by"X Nai"can be considered as a pragmatic meaning.This paper also suggests that the negative assessment function of"X Nai"is less conventionalized than its other functions.By comparing with Chinese,it can be seen that this construction does not have the universality of cross language.The formation of this construction in modern Japanese is related to the constructional coercion when the indefinite element is used as a topic and the lexical meaning of the existing verb.