欧洲区域去一体化的体系层次理论辨析

A System Level Analysis of European Regional Disintegration

新功能主义和自由政府间主义等传统区域一体化理论在解释英国脱欧等区域去一体化现象时存在局限性。后功能主义和现实制度主义聚焦于区域去一体化进程的单元层次。现实主义具有强大的解释力,其衍生的嵌入式双边主义试图构建中间层次理论。位置现实主义和结构现实主义认为国际体系塑造国家偏好,为去一体化理论提供了体系层次的视角。从体系层次的角度看,近年来欧盟内部各主要国家之间的实力分配格局发生了巨大调整,其中英国相对实力迅速衰落、德国相对实力快速崛起。国际和区域权力结构的变化使得英国、法国、德国表现出不同的国家行为:为了避免德国逐渐主导的欧盟权力扩张,处于一体化机制边缘的英国决定退出欧盟,选择了去一体化;法国处于一体化的核心位置,因此没有选择去一体化;国际体系多极结构的压力将迫使法国与德国继续巩固法德轴心并推进欧洲区域一体化进程。

Existing integration theories have limitations in explaining the phenomenon of European regional disintegration.Neo-functionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism can not totally explain disintegration phenomena such as Brexit;post-functionalism and real institutionalism focus on the unit level of the regional disintegration process;realism has strong explanatory power,and its derivative embedded bilateralism attempts to construct an intermediate level,but ends up with incomplete explanations.Positional realism implies that the system shapes national preferences,while structural realism provides a new theoretical explanation for regional disintegration in terms of system level.Since the international financial crisis in 2008 and the European sovereign debt crisis in 2009,the distribution of power among the major countries within the European Union(EU)has undergone tremendous adjustments,marked by the rapid decline of the relative strength of Britain and the rapid rise of that of Germany.Changes in global and regional power structures have led to different national behaviors in Britain,France,and Germany.In order to avoid the power expansion of the EU led by Germany,Britain,which is on the edge of the integration mechanism,has decided to withdraw from the EU and chosen to disintegrate.The relative strength of France and Germany has seen no significant change,so France,still at the core of regional integration,has not chosen to disintegrate.The pressure of the multipolar structure of the international system forces France and Germany to continue to consolidate the Franco-German axis and to advance the process of European regional integration.