国民党警察高等教育办学理念评析——以中央警官学校校训与校风为中心的考查

The Educational Philosophy of Police Higher Education Institutions in the Kuomingtan Government Period:An Analysis of the School Motto and the School Spirit of the Central Police Academy

警察最高学府办学理念的变化反映了警察高等教育理念的变迁。近代中国的警察高等教育从清末京师警务学堂、高等巡警学堂,到北洋政府时期的警官高等学校,再到南京国民政府统一全国时的内政部警官高等学校,发展初具规模,中央政府对警察高等教育的掌控不断加强,但警察最高学府的办学理念始终存在重视警务知识技能教学,忽视警察职业道德素养教育的弊端。全面抗战爆发前,国民党将全国警察高等教育统一于蒋介石兼任校长的中央警官学校,加强了中央对警察高等教育的掌控,并试图提升警察高级干部的职业道德素养。此阶段的警察高等教育理念集中体现在中央警官学校“诚”字校训与“力行”校风等办学理念中,存在过度推崇传统伦理道德、重“德治”轻“法治”等与警察近代化进程相悖的特点,导致与提升警察高级干部职业道德素养的目标背道而驰。究其原因,国民党党义的桎梏、缺乏符合警察近代化要求的警察高等教育建设指导思路、“力行哲学”以及过度强调传统伦理等消极因素,违背教育规律,脱离人民,是国民党警察高等教育未能成功的重要因素。

The changes in the school-running thought of the top police academy reflect the changes in the educational philosophy of police higher education.In modern China,the central government’s control over police higher education was increasing from the Beijing Police School in the late Qing Dynasty,to the Beijing Higher Patrol Police School in the late Qing Dynasty,to the Police Officer College in the Beiyang government period,to the Police Officer College in the Kuomingtan government period.However,these school-running thoughts emphasized police knowledge and skills,ignoring police professional ethics.Before the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan,the Kuomingtan government strengthened its control over police higher education by delegating police higher education nationwide to the Central Police Academy where Chiang Kaishek served as the principal,and tried to improve the professional ethics of senior police officers.Its educational philosophy,represented by the school motto“sincerity”and the school spirit“practice”,focused on rule by virtue instead of rule by law,which were in contradiction with the process of police modernization and the goal of improving the professional ethics of senior police officers.Fundamentally,the negative factors of the Kuomingtan government such as the restrictions of the Kuomingtan Party’s program,the lack of scientific guidance for police higher education,“philosophy of practice”and emphasis on traditional ethics contributed to the failure of its police higher education because they deviated from the laws of education and divorced from the masses.