美国对古巴导弹危机政策的再考察

A Review of U.S.Responses to the Cuban Missile Crisis

1962年发生的古巴导弹危机是冷战时期美国与苏联进行的一次直接的核对抗。尽管肯尼迪政府围绕苏联部署在古巴的中程导弹是否对美国的国家安全构成严重威胁存在不同看法,但一致认为不论是基于政治还是军事上的考虑,苏联都必须撤走这些导弹。一方面,美国决策者对外交谈判、空袭、封锁、入侵等各种方案进行全面讨论,反复权衡利弊得失,决定对古巴采取“隔离”政策,阻止苏联向古巴运送更多的武器装备,同时加紧军事部署,威慑苏联,向其施加压力,促其尽早撤走导弹。另一方面,肯尼迪政府又通过外交途径谋求妥协,承诺不入侵古巴,并撤走部署在土耳其的导弹等,以此化解危机。美国的军事威慑与外交妥协两种手段相辅相成,共同推动古巴导弹危机得到和平解决。

The Cuban missile crisis in 1962 was a direct nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.Though divided on whether the Soviet Union’s medium range missiles deployed in Cuba constituted a serious threat to national security of the United States,the Kennedy administration decided on political and military grounds that the Soviet Union must withdraw its missiles from Cuba.After weighing such options as diplomatic negotiation,air strike,blockade,and invasion,U.S.decisionmakers enforced a“quarantine”of Cuba to prevent the inflow of more Soviet weapons and equipment.The United States also stepped up military deployments as deterrence to compel the Soviet Union to remove its missiles as soon as possible.Meanwhile,the Kennedy administration sought compromise through diplomatic channels,promised no invasion of Cuba,and withdrew missiles from Turkey.With the combined effects of military deterrence and diplomatic compromise,the Cuban missile crisis was peacefully settled.