澳门、中山、广州三地方音史比较

Comparison of Phonetic History of Dialects in Macao,Zhongshan and Guangzhou

从利玛窦16世纪末进入中国开始,传教士们就留下了各种早期的性质多样、内容丰富的汉语方言著作.本文统合材料十七种,结合传统韵书,构拟出澳门、中山、广州三个地方近两百年的近代方言语音历史,对比各个时期三者之间的关系,观察语言变化的内在和外在规律.三者对比的结果是:地位高的方言(广州话)一直是自身演变,主要是两套塞擦音合并成一套,高元音裂化.地位相对低的语言(中山话)向地位高的(广州话)慢慢模仿,增生新的音类.而移民城市(澳门)则会以最快的速度模仿地位高的语言(广州话),但底层也会顽强地存在.

Since Matteo Ricci entered China at the end of the 16th century,missionaries had left a variety of early works of Chinese dialects which had various properties and rich contents.This paper combines 17 materials with traditional rhyming dictionaries to draw up the dialect phonetic history of Macao,Zhongshan and Guangzhou for nearly two hundred years.And this study compares the relations among the three by period,and observes the internal and external rules of language change.The result of the comparison of the three dialects is:the high-status dialect(Guangzhou dialect)has its own evolution,with the two sets of frictions merging into one set and the high vowels cracking.The relatively low-status language(Zhongshan dialect)slowly imitated the high-status language(Cantonese),and increased new sound categories.The immigrant city,Macao,on the other hand,imitated the language of high status(Cantonese)as quickly as possible,but the substratum dialect also tenaciously existed.