摘要
Looking back on history,human disease and trauma have created an essential need for surgical treatment.During the Renaissance period in the 16th century,a complete understanding of human anatomy had been well developed.However,there were still no solutions to effectively control pain,bleeding,and infection,and therefore,postoperative morbidity and mortality remained unacceptably high.In the 19th century,with rapid development of Morton demonstration of ether anesthesia,Pasteur discovery of the germ theory of disease,antiseptics discovered by Joseph Lister,introduction of hemostasis and the identification of major blood groups by Landsteiner,surgical pioneers now had the tools to successfully solve crucial problems regarding pain,wound infection,hemostasis,and blood transfusion related to surgery.
