2022年青岛地区食用菌中铅、镉、汞、砷、铬5种重金属的污染监测与调查分析

Pollution monitoring and investigation of lead,cadmium,mercury,arsenic,chromium in edible fungi in Qingdao in 2022

目的对2022年青岛市区域内香菇和黑木耳开展重金属污染监测工作,并对污染途径进行调查分析,初步排查青岛市食用菌质量安全状况。方法在生产基地、批发市场、农贸市场和超市随机抽取香菇和木耳样品,共69份,进行5种重金属的测定,并对生产基地的菌棒进行溯源检测,了解食用菌生产过程的污染途径。结果经检测发现,37个香菇样品中,5种重金属检出率均为100%,镉超标率为8.1%;4个香菇样品中铬超过2 mg/kg;32个黑木耳样品中铬、镉、铅、汞检出率为100%,砷检出率为78.1%,8个木耳样品中铬超过2 mg/kg。对生产基地香菇和黑木耳生产过程中可疑环节的生产环境进行取样,抽取香菇环境样品35个(33个菌棒和2个灌溉水),黑木耳环境样品15个(12菌棒和3个灌溉水);根据NY/T 391—2021《绿色食品产地环境质量》,33个香菇菌棒样品中5种重金属检出率为100%,镉超标率为6.1%;12个黑木耳菌棒环境样品中5种重金属检出率均为100%,均未有样品超过国家限量标准,但从检测结果看,来自某个基地的7个菌棒中铬含量值不超标但检测值偏高(超过20 mg/kg);5个灌溉水均未检出5种重金属。结论通过对青岛市区域内香菇和黑木耳重金属污染现状调查发现,食用菌重金属总体合格率较高,质量安全状况良好,但是从监测数据看,仍有重金属含量超标的问题,应进一步加强食用菌生产全过程监管工作。

Objective To monitor the heavy metal pollution of mushroom and black fungus in Qingdao in 2022,investigate and analyze the pollution routes,and preliminarily investigate the quality and safety of edible fungi in Qingdao.Methods A total of 69 samples of mushroom and black fungus were randomly selected from the production base,wholesale markets,farmers market and supermarkets.Five kinds of heavy metals were determined,and the bacteria sticks in the production bases were traced to understand the pollution routes in the production process of edible fungi.Results The monitoring rate of 5 kinds of heavy metals in 37 mushroom samples was 100%,and the excess rate of cadmium was 8.1%,chromium in 4 lentinus edodes samples was more than 2 mg/kg.The monitoring rates of chromium,cadmium,lead and mercury were 100%and that of arsenic was 78.1%in 32 black fungus samples.Among 32 samples,chromium in 8 samples was more than 2 mg/kg.The bacteria sticks in the production process of lentinus edodes and black fungus were sampled,and 35 environmental samples of lentinus edodes(33 fungus sticks and 2 irrigation water)and 15 environmental samples of black fungus(12 fungus sticks and 3 irrigation water)were selected.According to NY/T 391—2021 Environmental quality of green food origin,the detection rate of 5 kinds of heavy metals in 33 bacterial rod samples was 100%.The cadmium excess rate in the samples was 6.1%;the detection rate of 5 kinds of heavy metals in 12 environmental samples of black fungus sticks was 100%,and none of the samples exceeded the national limit standard.However,from the test results,the chromium content of 7 bacteria rods from a certain base was not exceeded but the test value was high(more than 20 mg/kg);5 kinds of heavy metals were not detected in the 5 irrigation water.Conclusion Through the investigation of the heavy metal pollution status of lentinus edodes and black fungus in Qingdao,it has been found that the overall qualified rate of heavy metal in edible fungi is high and the quality and safety situation is good.However,judging from the monitoring data,the problem of excessive heavy metal content still exists,so the supervision of the whole process of edible fungi production shall be further strengthened.