论上博楚竹书《参德》篇的哲学思想

On the Philosophical Thought of the Bamboo Slips Named Cande

竹书《参德》篇天时、地材、民力、明王无思的四元思想结构,不同于天、地、人的三才说,前者是对后者的发展.而在四者之中,《参德》最重视"天时"概念,其次是"明王无思"一环.竹书的"天时",既包括春夏秋冬四时节气和恶劣天象,又包括弦日、望日及平旦、天明等特殊时间点.对于"天时",《参德》持浓厚的宗教禁忌态度,并通过"天礼"表现出来,如"天恶毋忻"、"平旦毋哭"、"明毋歌"、"弦望斋宿"等.月、日中的特殊天时与禁忌,是竹书的特色之一.竹书认为,"天时"来源于"天",而此"天"是神性的、主宰性的"皇天上帝"."天"不仅具有喜怒、好恶等人格特征,而且具有赏善罚恶的最高权威."天礼"是上天意志的体现,是人必须遵行的规定与要求.在政治方面,《参德》强调人君的"无思"之德,认为人君应依"度官于人"的原则选拔官吏,应根据"临民以仁"的原则来治理百姓.从总体上看,《参德》篇非常重视"天时"和"天礼"的概念,并以宗教禁忌的形式表达出来.它很可能是一篇以阴阳家为基调,同时杂糅儒家和黄老思想的著作.

The four-element structure of Bamboo Slipsof Cande differs from the Sancai theory of“Heaven,Earth and Man”,which is the development of the latter.Among the four elements(Tianshi,Dicai,Renli,Mingwang wusi),Cande attaches the most importance to the concept of Tianshi,followed by“Mingwang wusi”.The concept of Tianshi includes not only the solar terms in four seasons and bad weather phenomena,but also the special time points such as the day of Xian,the day of Wang,Pingdanand Ming.Regarding the Tianshi,Cande holds a strong religious taboo attitude,which is expressed through Heavenly ceremony,such as Do not cry at the time of Pingdan,Do not sing at the time of Ming and so forth.The special time point and taboo in each month and each day is one of the characteristics of BambooSlipsofCande.Tianshi comes from the heaven,which is the divine and dominating Heaven God.Heaven God not only has the personality characteristics of happiness and anger,likes and dislikes,but also has the highest authority of rewarding the virtuous and punishing the wicked.The Heavenly ceremonyis the embodiment of Heaven God’s will,and is the rule and requirement that people must abide by.In terms of politics,Cande emphasizes the Wusi virtue of the monarch,and holds that the ruler should select officials on the basis of their abilities,and govern the people according to the principle of serving the people with benevolence.In brief,Cande attaches great importance to the concepts of Tianshi and Heavenly ceremony,and expresses them in the form of religious taboos.It is a work based on thoughts of Yin Yang School,and it also absorbed Confucianism and Huang Lao thought.