引述評價的語法化:從"難道"到"難道説"

The Grammaticalization of Quotative Evaluation Structure:from"Nandao"(難道)to"Nandaoshuo"(難道説)

本文從話語引述的角度論證"難道"的語法化過程,證明"難道"從評價性引述發展爲弱肯定陳述標記,再發展爲測度疑問標記,通過反預期語境中反問與測度兼用,最終形成偏重反問的語氣副詞.主要證據有三,一是理論上弱肯定的陳述與弱肯定的疑問相通,"不好説、不(一定)能説"與測度疑問的語氣相當、語義一致;二是事實上來源於反預期語境的"莫"類和"難道"類都採用反面一致測度方式,從否定角度估計反預期情况,"不是……吧"跟"不好説是……吧"通過引述轉喻取得一致;引述評價的"難道/説"最初都有測度用法,隨卽發展爲反問,且其測度功能都帶有引述來源制約的心理描述、自言自語、弱肯定等特徵;三是反問與測度的關係上,"難道"測度用法的產生時間並不比其反問用法晚,兩者共同構建起反預期語境相互依存的兩個方面——可能現實(測度)和相反預期(反問),根據語氣側重不同,體現其測度或反問傾向.

the paper demonstrates the grammaticalization of"nandao"(難道)from the perspective of discourse quotation,and proves that"nandao"(難道)develops from evaluative quotation to weak affirmation marker and then to measure question marker,and finally forms a modal adverb emphasizing rhetorical question in the anti-expectation context.The main evidences are as follows;Theoretically,the statement of weak affirmation is related to the question of weak affirmation."Buhaoshuo..bu(yiding)nengshuo"[不好説、不(一定)能説]is equivalent to the measure tone and semantics.Factually,both"mo"(莫)class and"nandao"(難道)class derived from the context of anti-expectation,and use the negative consistent measure to estimate the anti-expectation situation from the negative perspective,meaning"Bushi...ba"(不是吧)or"Buhaoshuoshi...ba"(不好説是……吧);At first,the quotative evaluation"nandao/shuo"(難道/説)is used as measure question,which is characterized by psychological description,self-talk and weak affirmation constrained by quotative semantics,and then it develops into rhetorical question.In terms of the relationship between rhetorical question and measure question,the measure question usage of"nandao"(難道)comes into being which is no later than its rhetorical question use,and they jointly construct two interdependent aspects of anti-expectation context—possible reality(measure question)and opposite expectation(rhetorical question),which,according to their different emphasis,reflect the tendency of measure or rhetorical question.