《説文解字注》古今字立體化研究及其他——以數量統計爲基礎

A Multi-dimensional Study of the Ancient and Modern Chinese Characters in Shuowen Jiezi Zhu and Other Relevant Issues:Based on Statistics

迄清末徐灝,歷史上對古今字的理解始終是一致的.段玉裁在繼承前人基礎上做了大量的古今字注釋工作,第一次明確歸納了古今字概念的全部要點,認爲是同詞異字的歷時用字現象.全面統計《説文解字注》中古今字的具體注釋、體例及數量後分析發現,古今字現象出現的根源是文字選用習慣:人們先後對異體字的選用不同以及文字的借用是其主體,文字功能分化、合并及錯訛、字體選用不同都是次要表現.雖然段玉裁有時難免出現認識偏差和分析錯誤,但古今字理論總體上是可靠的,對絶大部分古今字的判定是正確的.當今大部分研究者視古今字爲字的孳乳分化現象,以便使古今字概念具有可操作性,這與傳統觀點相對立,并導致更多枝節性分歧.我們因此提出古今字研究應尊重歷史事實,回歸傳統認識,改進研究方法,以期更好地避免無謂的分歧和混亂.

The Ancient and Modern Chinese Characters(different characters used in the relative past and present period of time for one word,abbr.AMCC)are the explanatory contents of the exegetists in the past dynasties.The understanding of AMCC had always been the same till Xu Hao in the late Qing Dynasty took different view.Views towards it are more varied ever after.On the basis of inheriting the predecessor,Duan Yucai carried out a large number of annotations of AMCC.For the first time,he clearly summarized all the key points of the concept of AMCC,and believed that its essence is the use of different characters for the same word.Based on a comprehensive statistics of the annotation forms and quantity of AMCC in Shuowen Jiezi Zhu it is found that the main reasons for the formation of AMCC are the different selection of variant characters and the fixed borrowing of characters.There are also some secondary reasons such as function differentiation,merger of characters,errors of character,font selection,etc.Although Duan Yucai sometimes inevitably appeared the understanding deviation and the analysis mistake,the theory of AMCC is generally reliable and the judgment on most AMCC is correct.Most researchers today regard AMCC as a phenomenon of breeding of the original character in order to make AMCC operable in teaching,which is contrary to the traditional view and leads to more minor differences.The study of AMCC should respect its history,return to its tradition,apply new research approaches and avoid meaningless differences and confusion.