Size-related variation in arm damage frequency in the crown-of-thorns sea star,Acanthaster planci

Objective:To examine variation in the frequency of arm damage in different sizes of Acanthasterplanci(A.planci),assess how this damage is inflicted by fish predators,and infer the potential role of predation in population regulation.Methods:and arm damage frequency and severity was assessed.Frequency of arm damage was compared between sizes.Feeding behavior of fish predators was also observed in the laboratory.Results:This study demonstrates that sublethal predation by triggerfishes on A.planci result inDiameters of A.planci collected from three sites in the Philippines were measured extensive arm damage.Overall,60%of A.planci sampled across all sites had sublethal injuries.The frequency of individuals with missing or regenerating arms was highest in medium-sized young adults(11-20 cm),which coincides with the phase where A.planci shift from cryptic to exposed daytime feeding.Conclusions:The high incidence of arm damage within intermediate-sized sea stars indicates that predators exercise some level of regulation on A.planci populations at a local scale.Identification and protection of putative predators that target the most vulnerable life history stages of A.planci are essential in developing population control strategies and reverse sustained declines in coral cover.