古代希腊文明"突破"中的特殊地理因素

The Special Geographical Factors in the"Breakthrough"of Ancient Greek Civilization

本文是对古代希腊文明"突破"中的特殊地理因素加以考察,或者说是对地理因素在古代希腊"突破"中的特殊作用即意义加以考察.全文包括以下六个部分:一、古代文明普遍必然的自然地理环境;二、与其他早期文明相比,古代希腊地理环境的两个深刻或根本变化;三、迁徙或移民对希腊社会的深刻影响;四、城邦小国、人口寡民,利于制度变革;五、地域狭小、岛屿众多,导致多元格局;六、交汇地理位置的优越性.结论:如果希腊像其他古老文明一样具备大河流域和广幅平原,如果希腊不位于大海边上,如果希腊有足够的生存空间而不导致迁徙或移民,如果希腊不是小国寡民的生存环境,如果希腊不存在分散、分裂即多元的环境特征,特别是如果希腊没有位于文明辐射的交汇点,假设这些条件都不具备,甚至缺失部分,那么我们所看到的就一定不是历史上的希腊文明!不是西方学者所津津乐道的希腊文明!总之,通过考察,我们可以知道,古代希腊文明所发生的"突破"首先并非是因为什么希腊人的优秀种族或特殊禀赋,而是由地理环境所规制或确定的,这是一个前提条件,没有这个特殊的先决条件,希腊文明就不可能产生!

This paper is aimed at examining the special geographical factors in the"breakthrough"of ancient Greek civilization,or in another word,the special role or significance of geographical factors in the ancient Greek"breakthrough".This paper is divided into six parts:(1)the general and necessary natural and geographical environment for ancient civilizations;(2)two profound or fundamental changes in the ancient Greek geography compared to other early civilizations;(3)the profound impact of migration or immigration on Greek society;(4)the city-states and small populations that is conducive to institutional change;(5)the narrow area and archipelagic condition that leads to a diversified pattern;(6)the advantages of interchange geography.My conclusion is that if Greece has large river basins and wide plains like other ancient civilizations,if Greece is not on the seashore,if Greece has sufficient living space without causing migration or immigration,if Greece is not a living environment for small city-states,if there are no scattered,divided,or diversified environmental features in Greece,and especially,if Greece is not located at the intersection of civilization radiation,assuming all these conditions are not met,or even missing some parts,then what we see must not be historical Greek civilization!And it’s definitively not the Greek civilization that western scholars like to talk about!In short,through inspection,we can know that the"breakthrough"that occurred in ancient Greek civilization is not at the first place due to the excellent race or special endowment of the Greeks,but is governed or determined by the geographical environment.This is a prerequisite,without which Greek civilization would not have been possible!