美国行政裁决的司法审查

美国行政裁决是行政机构作出命令的行政过程,在行政机构的规制实践中获得广泛适用。行政裁决权的存在意味着,在掌握立法性职能和行政性职能的同时,行政机构拥有了司法性职能,这似乎违反了分权原则,并一度引发合宪性讨论。就行政裁决的司法审查受案标准而言,法定审查、非法定审查以及附带审查等均构成司法审查的受理条件。美国行政裁决的司法审查内容包括事实问题和法律问题,对于事实问题,基于行政机构在特定领域的专门知识和丰富经验,法院通常尊重行政机构的决定,其审查标准主要包括实质性证据标准以及武断和恣意标准等。对于法律问题,同行政机构相较,法院的专业性、审查权限和决定权力均优于前者,具有更高的权威地位,甚至可以用法院的判决取代行政机构的决定。

Administrative adjudication in the United States is an administrative process in w hich administrative agencies make orders.The existence of the power of administrative adjudication means that while holding the legislative and administrative functions,the administrative agencies have the judicial functions,which seems to violate the principle of separation of powers and once triggered a discussion on constitutionality.As far as the standards of judicial review are concerned,statutory review,non-statutory review and incidental review all constitute the threshold of judicial review.The judicial review of administrative adjudication in the United States includes factual and legal issues.For the judicial review of factual issues,based on the expertise and rich experience of administrative agencies in specific fields,courts usually respect the decisions of administrative agencies,and its review standards mainly include substantive evidence standards,arbitrary and capricious standards,etc.For the judicial review of legal issues,compared with the administrative agencies,the court is superior to the former in terms of professionalism,review authority and decision-making power,and has a higher authoritative status.It can even replace the decision of the administrative agencies with the judgment of the court.