行政赔偿因果关系的司法态度

因果关系作为行政赔偿的构成要件之一,是联系侵权行为与损害结果之间重要的逻辑纽带,是行政赔偿的核心问题之一。缺少了因果关系这一构成要件则不构成行政赔偿。因果关系是一条可以无限延长的链条。为了寻求法律上的确定性,必须截断因果关系的链条,选取其中的特定环节。实践中,对于直接因果关系,法院通常从直接损失和直接作用两方面进行截取。法院对因果关系的截取受到了归责原则的影响。《国家赔偿法》修改后,对因果关系的归责原则的认识回归“行为违法”,法院不必细究行政机关是否存在过错,即可认定因果关系的存在与否。基于归责原则的指导,法院对因果关系的认定制度有三:一是因果关系的证明责任;二是推定因果关系;三是鉴定与评估。实践中,经常出现多个因素共同作用于一个损害后果的情况。法院需要从中区分哪些是损害的条件,哪些是损害的原因。由于次类规范、巧合及过程性行政行为的存在,条件和原因可能会被错认。对案件中的多个原因,有必要区分出“主要原因”和“次要原因”。区分“主要原因”和“次要原因”用时间远近标准并不合理,而应采取原因力大小标准。具体而言,有实质性标准和本源性标准两个判断标准。

As one of the most essential factors of administrative compensation,the legal causation connects illegal acts with its caused results;a request of administrative compensation will not be able to stand without a proper legal causation.In validation of legal causation,certain factors have to be intercepted and analyzed,In practice,the court usually conducts such interceptions by taking direct effects and damages in cases into consideration.The way a court defines a legal causation varies through the development of“the principle of imputation”.Interceptions mentioned above have also been profoundly influenced by such principle.With the amendment of the State Compensation Law,the definition of principle of imputation has changed.As long as the act is defined illegal,the legal causation stands.Based on the principle of imputation,3 ways have been developed to properly define a legal causation:1)the onus of proof;2)the presumption of causation;3)the identification and evaluation.In practice,a legal causation can be complex:it usually consists of various factors,pointing one single result.Therefore.the court will have to distinguish“conditions”between“reasons”.It can become trick due to the complexity of the case.Among reasons,the court has to further distinguish“main reasons”and“minor reasons”,according to the coberence instead of chronological orders,which can be misguiding.