清中叶以来北京话述趋式带宾语语序的历时变化

The Diachronic Change of Word Order for the Expression of Verb-Directional Complement Constructions with Objects in Beijing Dialect since the Middle of Qing Dynasty

汉语中述趋式带宾语可以形成四种不同的语序,分别为“前置式”(VOC)、“后置式”(VCO)、“嵌入式”(VCOC)和“‘把’字式”(把OVC).本文考察了清中叶以来不同时期和不同类型的北京话文献材料,对述趋式带宾语的四种语序格式进行了统计和描写,从出现频次、宾语的有定性、宾语的复杂度和趋向动词的个体差异等角度分析归纳了其历时变化的脉络,并总结出了演变的模式.本文发现,清中叶以来北京话述趋式带宾语的格式发生的主要变化是:嵌入式衰落、后置式出现和“把”字式成为优势语序;上述变化符合“从旧到新”的信息结构原则,但同时,这些变化又存在不均匀性、不彻底性,这导致当代北京话在述趋式带宾语的语序问题上呈现出纷繁复杂的面貌.

In Mandarin Chinese, there are four types of word order for the expression of Verb-Directional Complement(V-DC) Constructions with objects: "Pre-posed Type"(i.e., the object is between V and DC), "Post-posed Type"(i.e., the object follows V-DC), "Inserted Type"(i.e., the object is inserted into DC) and "Ba(把) Type"(i.e., the object is introduced by ba). By investigating on Beijing dialect text data of various types and from different historical periods since middle of the Qing dynasty, we made statistical and descriptive analysis on each of the four types, summarized the trend of the diachronic change based on frequency of occurrences, definiteness of objects, complexity of objects and individual variation among directional verbs, and further generalized the pattern of this diachronic change. We conclude that since middle of the Qing dynasty, the major changes of the V-DC plus objects construction include: the decline of Inserted Type, the emergence of Post-posed Type and the explosive growth of Ba Type. These changes are in conformity with the information structure principle of "From the Old to the New". Meanwhile, the diachronic change is not even nor absolute, which leads to a complicated situation of the four types of word order in Contemporary Beijing dialect.