天麻资源及其开发利用的研究进展

Research progress on Gastrodia elata resources and its development and utilization

天麻最早被记载于《神农本草经》,广泛分布于全国大部分地区,常分为乌、红、绿、黄、松天麻五种.化学成分方面,在块茎中主要包括有机酸类、糖苷类、醚类、酚类、醇类、生物碱类、含硫类等化合物;茎秆中主要包括酚类、酮类、酯类、醇类、生物碱类等化合物;种子中主要包括醇类、醛类、酯类、烃类、杂环类等化合物.在药理活性方面,天麻块茎具有缓解认知障碍、神经保护、抗阿尔茨海默病、治疗心血管疾病、辅助治疗脑梗死和原发性高血压、抗惊厥、抗癫痫、抗眩晕等作用;茎秆有抑菌和降血压的作用;种子有镇静催眠、抗疲劳耐缺氧和抗抑郁作用.本文通过国内外文献资料查阅,对天麻的本草记载、资源、种类、品质评价、化学成分、药理作用、药代动力学研究及开发利用方面进行综述,为天麻块茎、茎秆和种子的开发利用提供理论依据.

Gastrodia elata was first recorded in the"Shen Nong's Herbal Classic"and is widely distributed in most parts of the country.It is often divided into five types:black,red,green,yellow and pine.In terms of chemical composition,the tuber mainly includes organic acids,glycosides,ethers,phenols,alcohols,alkaloids,sulfur-containing compounds,etc.;the stem mainly includes phenols,ketones,esters,alcohols.Compounds such as alkaloids;seeds mainly include alcohols,aldehydes,esters,hydrocarbons,heterocyclics and the like.In terms of pharmacological activity,the gastrodia tuber has the functions of relieving cognitive impairment,neuroprotection,anti-Alzheimer's disease,treating cardiovascular disease,adjuvant treatment of cerebral infarction and essential hypertension,anticonvulsant,anti-epilepsy,anti-vertigo,etc.The stem has antibacterial and blood pressure lowering effects;the seed has sedative,hypnotic,anti-fatigue,hypoxia and anti-depression effects.This paper reviews the herbal records,resources,types,quality evaluation,chemical composition,pharmacological effects,pharmacokinetics research and development and utilization of Gastrodia?elata through domestic and foreign literature review,and develops and utilizes the stems,stems and seeds of Gastrodia?elata Provide a theoretical basis.