论《说文解字》对《尔雅》的继承与改造

Inheritance and Reform: The Relation between Shuowen Jiezi and Erya

《说文》对先秦两汉“小学”传统进行了自觉的吸收与扬弃,其中的典型现象是《说文》对《尔雅》的继承与改造.《说文》充分吸收了《尔雅》中的词义训释与名物释义,并根据自身性质对其进行改造,将《尔雅》中的字形、释义纳入部首体系,将词义训释改造为构意训释,将专科释义改造为社会性的词义训释,将随文释义的直训改造为义界.《说文》对《尔雅》的改造源自形义统一原则和词义训释规律的推动,以义界为训释改造的主要形式.在对《尔雅》的继承与改造中,《说文》实现了对训诂传统的优化.

By absorbing the essence and discarding the useless,Shuowen Jiezi inherited the exegesis tradition of Pre-Qin and Han periods. The most typical case is the inheritance and reform of Erya.Shuowen absorbs the explanations of lexical meanings and special terms,including zhixun and definition. Meanwhile,reforms are made according to self characteristics: some explanations of lexical meanings in Erya are reformed into those based upon character configurations; some explanations of special terms are reformed into explanations of common words,thus their meanings become more generalized; and some explanations in the context are reformed into definitions.The reform is promoted by the uniform principle of form and meaning and the law of explanation of lexical meaning.During the exegesis reform,definition becomes the main form and optimization of exegesis tradition is manifested.