悲剧的历史与历史的悲剧——修昔底德《伯罗奔尼撒战争志》的一则阅读札记

The Tragic History and the Historical Tragedy:A Note on Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War

公元前480年至前404年,斯巴达与雅典之间的战争,以悲剧的方式穷尽了政治生活的各种可能性.故而,修昔底德的作品不妨被读作“一部悲剧性的叙述”.种族、城邦、政治实体、文化共同体,都是一些脆弱的维系,随时都可能被对抗的权力所撕毁,并一环套一环地引发政治危机.叙述一场关系到古代希腊世界黯然落幕和“整体死亡”的战争,各种差异、对立、冲突如潮涌动,权力关系跌宕沉浮.《伯罗奔尼撒战争志》乃是一种政治诗学范式,而不像利奥·施特劳斯所说那样,是“政治史学”范式.修昔底德的“诗才”是其“史笔”与“议论”的原始驱动力.过去发生的事件与未来可能发生的事件,都涌流在他的“春秋笔法”之下.正义(δικTη)、种族关系(ενγγενεια)、利益(ευΨερον)以及“必然”(αναγη),四个修昔底德的写史原则,将这些异质共同体的行动与言辞串联在一起,缝制出“政治诗学”的知识织体.以实在史观为架构,修昔底德彰显了这出悲剧的主题——正义在政治灾难中沦陷.

The great war between Sparta and Athene,during years from 480 BCE tO 404 BCE has almost exhausted the possibilities for politically human life.So Thucydides’narrative of the most heavy event may well be deciphered as a typical tragedy,in which Some certain fragile ties such as race,polis,political entity,cultural community are in nature extemely easy tO be interupted by the conflicts between powers at any time and lead tO a series of political crisis.The accounts of this war concerned with the decline of ancient Greec and its total perishing pemeated with the rise and fall of powers in diversity,oppostions,and protests.And rather we can read History of The Peloponnesian War as a paradigm for poetics,which manirests a histrian’S talent for driving the writing on history and which includes four principles for historical writing such as justice,ethnical relationship,interest,and destiny.On the basis of political poetics Thucydides puts his emphasis on a tragic theme that justice is falling down in the political catastrophes.