Ablation of drivers in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation refractory to pulmonary vein antral isolation:Target characteristics and 3-year outcomes

To the Editor:Pulmonary vein antral isolation(PVAI)is the cornerstone of catheter ablation techniques used in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation(AF).However,the outcomes of a PVAI-only strategy for persistent AF have proven suboptimal.The majority of patients with persistent AF may require further atrial ablation beyond PVAI.Ablation of AF drivers,a patient-tailored ablation strategy for persistent AF with a procedural endpoint of AF termination,has garnered increasing attention in recent years.[1]We aimed to determine the electrogram(EGM)characteristics of AF drivers that can predict AF termination.