Parasympathetic control of gastrointestinal motility and cross-branch actions of parasympathetic neuromodulation

The gastrointestinal(GI)tract is a unique organ that has its own nervous system called enteric nervous system(ENS)and also termed“little brain.”The ENS has 200 to 600 million neurons and can function independently without inputs from the brain.It communicates with the brain via the autonomic nervous system that is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.The parasympathetic systemconsists of the vagus nerve and the sacral nerve.