云南省澄江县农村饮用水卫生现状调查

Investigation of Drinking Water Quality in Rural Areas in Chengjiang of Yunnan Province

目的了解云南省澄江县农村饮用水卫生现状,为制定农村饮用水安全发展规划及社会主义新农村建设提供科学依据。方法以澄江县所辖镇的40个行政村的水源和县城集中式供水水源作为调查对象。采用《农村饮用水调查表》进行问卷调查,调查内容包括水源类型及其分布、供水方式、覆盖人口、水源周围卫生状况等。从每个行政村中随机抽取1个采样点,从县城抽取2个集中式供水采样点,于2006年8—10月,按照GB5750—1985《生活饮用水卫生标准》及《生活饮用水卫生规范》(2001)对水样进行采集、保存和检测,按照《农村实施"生活饮用水卫生标准"准则》,并结合现场调查结果进行评价。结果澄江县农村现有集中式供水水源113个,覆盖40个行政村,覆盖人口占农村总人口的96.08%(132035/137422)。分散式供水分布于3个行政村中,覆盖人口占农村总人口的3.92%(5387/137422),水源均为地下水。经完全处理、部分处理和未经处理的集中式供水水源分别占1.77%(2/113),59.29%(67/113),38.94%(44/113)。共采集水样42件,合格4件,合格率为9.52%。集中式供水水样合格率为5.88%(2/34),均符合农村饮用水Ⅰ级标准;分散式供水水样合格率为25.00%(2/8),均符合农村饮用水Ⅲ级标准。除1件分散式供水水样的肉眼可见物指标不合格外,所有水样的感官指标、一般化学指标及毒理学指标均合格;细菌学指标各合格2件。集中式供水水样中细菌总数合格率高于分散式供水,经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.976,P<0.01)。结论澄江县农村饮用水中微生物指标超标严重,存在传播介水传染病的隐患。建议采取有效措施加强水源防护、卫生管理、净化消毒和健康教育工作。

Objective To investigate the drinking water quality in the rural areas in Chengjing and to provide the scientific data for making the plan of drinking water safety. Methods 40 villages and the county seat were investigated, 1 water source was randomly selected by proportional stratified sampling from each village for survey. Results 96.08% of the rural population drank the water from the centralized water supply system. As for the centralized water supply,11.06% of the rural population drank the completely treated water,73.21% drank the disinfected water,11.80% drank the raw water without any treatment. 3.92% of the rural population drank the water from the decentralized water supply system. 91.92% of the rural population drank the ground water and 4.16% drank the surface water. Only 4 in the 42 water samples were up to grade Ⅰ～Ⅲ standard. 11.43% for ground water and 0% for surface water were eligible. The eligible rate of bacterial indexes was 5.88% for water samples collected from the centralized water supply system and 25.00% for decentralized water supply system. In the present investigation,20 water quality parameters were tested and the bacteriological indexes in all of the unqualified water samples greatly exceeded the limits. Conclusion The microbial pollution of drinking water is serious in the investigated areas in Chengjiang. It is urgent to make the efficient measures to protect the water source.