党派政治与美国贸易政策的变迁

Partisan Politics and the Evolution of American Trade Policy

美国两党之间的博弈和竞争贯穿美国贸易政策的整个决策过程,党派政治在美国贸易政策的历史变迁中发挥了重要的作用。在贸易政策上,民主党和共和党往往分别代表不同的利益集团,因而政府或国会的党派属性在很大程度上决定着美国贸易政策的性质。在不同的历史时期,他们在贸易政策上的立场也会随着其所代表选区的利益调整而变化。民主党在20世纪70年代从支持自由贸易转向鼓吹贸易保护,而共和党则从贸易保护主义者转变为自由贸易的支持者。进入21世纪后,随着美国产业结构和政治格局的调整及美国参与经济全球化程度的加深,两党在贸易政策上的固有立场有所松动,从而使美国的贸易政策呈现出更为复杂的局面。

The decision-making process of American trade policy reflects a continuous partisan struggle.Since the two parties represent different interest groups,the nature of American trade policy tends to change,depending on which party controls the White House or Congress.Changes of constituency interest will also cause changes in their attitude toward trade.In the 1970s,the Democratic Party changed from supporting free trade to advocating trade protection while the Republicans switched to supporting free trade.In the beginning of the 21st century,with the adjustment of American industrial structure and political alignment and the deepening of involvement in globalization,the two parties have made adjustments in their positions on trade,thus bringing about greater complications in trade policy.