超级稻育种实践和前景

Practice and Prospect on Breeding of Super-hybridization Rice in China

水稻是主要的粮食作物之一,全世界50%以上的人口以水稻为主食。20世纪五六十年代广东籼稻矮化育种的兴起使稻谷的产量增加了20%￣30%,给水稻生产带来了第一次突破性飞跃;20世纪70年代三系杂交稻的问世使稻谷产量在矮化育种的基础上又上了一个台阶,使稻谷单产增加了20%,水稻品种矮秆化和籼型杂交稻的三系配套是现代水稻育种史上的两个重要里程碑。本文主要论述了超级稻的育种理论和技术创新,超级稻育种研究的实践以及中国超级稻育种的前景;同时介绍了福建省超级稻育种的特色和所取得的成果,比如超级稻组合汕优明86,2001年在福建省尤溪县西城镇的百亩超高产示范片,头季平均每公顷产量为12765.0kg,再生季平均每公顷产量为7101.0kg,两季合计每公顷产量达19866.0kg。其中产量最高一丘(0.068hm2)头季每公顷产量856.9kg,再生季每公顷产量达12853.5kg,两季合计每公顷产量达21570.0kg,再生季单产刷新世界记录。

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of major cereal crops and is the staple food of over half population in the world. The yield of rice increased 20% ~ 30% since the gene of dwarf was exploited in Guangdong province of China in 1960s. It indicated that great progress had been made in rice breeding. The yield of rice increased 20% again based on the gene of dwarf exploited since the application of three-line hybridization rice in 1970s, indicated that it was two important landmarks for the dwarf and three-line hybridization of rice in modern breeding of rice history. The breeding theory, technical innovation, novel progresses and prospect were summarized on the research of super-hybridization rice in China. In the meanwhile, characteristics and achievements were introduced on research of super-hybridization rice in Fujian province of China in this paper. For example, the mean yields of super-hybridization combination Shanyouming 86 were 12 765.0kg/hm2 in first harvest in 6.67hm2 representative area of super-hybridization rice combinations in Xicheng town of Youxi county in Fujian province of China. The mean yields of super-hybridization combination Shanyouming 86 were 7 101.0kg/hm2 in the second harvest that the rice grew again from ratoon after being harvested. Total yield of the super-hybridization combination Shanyouming 86 were 19 866.0kg/hm2 in both first harvest and second harvest time in 2001. The yield of super-hybridization rice combination Shanyouming 86 were 856.9kg/hm2, 12 853.5kg/hm2 in the first harvest time and second harvest time respectively that the highest yields of super-hybridization combination Shanyouming 86 were obtained in a 0.068hm2 field. The total yields were 21 570.0kg/hm2, indicated the record of yield for rice in the second harvest time was made in the world.