科学史中的师承关系初探

PRIMARY RESEARCH INTO THE APPRENTICESHIP IN HISTORY OF SCIENCE

科学史中的师承关系呈现出以下特点:近代以前表现为严格意义上的师徒关系;近代以来,科学史上的师徒关系逐渐由研究者与助手之间的关系和师生关系所取代,这种关系又大多最终转变为同事关系;一人从多师的现象逐渐增多。社会的发展,科学自身的发展,科学教育在学校教育中的地位上升,是科学史中师承关系变迁的主要原因。性格、人格、氛围等隐性知识的传承是科学师承的主要内容,这些隐性知识的传承对科学家的健康成长有重要意义。科学人物传记的写法对理解科学史及其科学史中师承关系中的马太效应具有特殊意义。

The character of the apprenticeship in history of science is master-apprentice model in pre-modern times,and since the beginning of modem times,the models have been taken place by the researcher-principle and teacher-student models.They have become associates,and apparently there is gradually a trend that one person may have many teachers.The main causes of the change are the development of society,development of science itself and the position of science education raised.Character,personality,circumstance and other hidden knowledge are their main contents,which have significance bring up sciences.The structure of biography is one of the keys to understand the Matthew Effect in history of science.