董仲舒“性三品”的人性论及神学化的思想倾向

DONG Zhong-shu's Theory of Human Nature of "Three Grades of Human Nature" and its Ideological Trend Towards Theology

董仲舒针对先秦儒家解决人性问题而提出的“性近论”“性善论”“性恶论”的理论缺憾,提出了富有创新性的人性论。在继承孟荀的基础上,他将善、恶纳入阴阳两分的天人哲学体系之中,并明确地提出了“性善情恶”的二元论、“性三品”的人性论,从而既从“天意”的高度肯定了统治者的善性,又为礼仪法度道德教化和皇权至上套上了合理的“外衣”。这篇论文运用历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义的思想观和方法论,阐释了其理论思想体系与教育、政治的关系,分析了经过神学化的“性三品”的实质,及其对教育对象、教育功能的积极影响与消极作用。

According to the defects of the pre-Qin-period Confucianists' theories of 'Human Nature is Close', 'Human Nature is Good', and 'Human Nature is Bad' for the purpose of solving the problem of human nature, DONG Zhong-shu put forward his own innovative theory of human nature. On the basis of carrying on the theory of Mencius and Xuncius, he included 'Good' and 'Evil' into the God and Human philosophical system which differentiated Yin from Yang. And he clearly put forward the dualism of 'Human Nature is Good but Emotion is Bad', and the theory of 'Three Grades of Human Nature'. Hence, he affirmed the goodness of rulers from the height of the 'God's will', and wore a reasonable 'coats' around etiquettes and protocols, laws and rules, ethics and morals, education and persuasion, and the supremacy of the imperial power. With the ideology and methodology of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, this paper expounds the relation of the ideological system of Dong's theory to education and politics, and analyzes the essence of the theory of 'Three Grades of Human Nature' with theological features, and the positive and negative effects of its educational objects and functions.