生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响

Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity

生境破碎化对生物多样性和生态系统功能的影响是当前国内外生态学家研究的热点问题之一。生境破碎化导致原生境的总面积减小,产生隔离的异质种群,从而影响个体行为特性、种群间基因交换、物种间相互作用及生态过程。生境破碎化的过程引起栖息地内部食物、繁殖场所、局部小气候、边缘效应等生物和非生物条件的变化,从而影响植物种群的大小和灭绝速率、扩散和迁入、遗传和变异以及存活力等,影响动物种群的异质种群动态、适宜生境比例、灭绝阈值、种间关系等。随着景观生态学与农业科学的融合,探索利用景观布局控制害虫发生将是人类利用生境破碎化为人类服务的一条新途径。

Habitat fragmentation reduces the total area of original habitat, creates isolated subpopulations, thus disrupting individual behaviour, the exchange of genes between populations, species interaction and ecological processes. The processes of habitat fragmentation cause the changes of biological and non-biological factors, such as foods, breeding place, local microclimate and edge effect etc. These processes affect the size, extinction speed, diffusion, immigration, inherit and variation, viability of plant population, also affect the metapopulation dynamics, suitable habitat proportion, extinction threshold and interspecific interactions of animal population. With the unification of landscape ecology and agriculture, pest management by means of landscape composition will have a new prospect.