从1885年盛宣怀入主招商局看晚清新式工商企业中的官商关系

To Probe into the Relationship between Government and Merchants in New-style Enterprises of Late Qing Dynasty by Studying Sheng Xuanhuai as the Head of China Merchants Steam Navigation Company in 1885

近代中国是一个过渡性的社会。在这个时期中,官商关系是制约近代中国经济发展的根本性问题之一。轮船招商局是近代中国第一家由"官""商"结合兴办、并首创"官督商办"方式进行经营管理的企业。"官督商办"方式包含了官商结合的两种可能性:一种是商人出资、官为扶助,商权较大的"商事商办";另一种是商人出资,但管理和经营权均被官或官方色彩浓厚之人控制的"商事官办"。这两种方式又可以转换:1885年前唐廷枢、徐润经管时期的招商局处于"商事商办"阶段,1885年盛宣怀入主招商局任督办则是招商局转入"商事官办"阶段的标志。而官对商的不信任是"商事商办"转为"商事官办"的根本原因,这个问题同时也是导致中国早期工业化障碍重重的根本原因之一。

The modern Chinese society is a transitional one.During that period,the government-merchant relation constituted one of the essential problems that restricted the economic development of modern China.As the first company that was jointly funded by government and merchants,China Merchants Steam Navigation Company established the Government-Supervised and Merchant-Run System for the first time.In 1885 when Sheng Xuanhuai became its head,the Company had its commercial affairs managed by government,one of the b...