低膨胀高温合金的发展及在航空航天业的应用

Development of low thermal expansion superalloys and their application in aerospace

回顾了低膨胀高温合金的发展历史。“因瓦效应”和“时效硬化”现象的发现奠定了低膨胀高温合金发展的基础。20世纪70年代航空航天事业的迅猛发展以及能源危机的爆发为低膨胀高温合金在航空航天业的实际应用提供了宝贵的契机,最早的商用Fe-NiCo(IN9××)系列合金,经过用Nb、Ti强化,去Al,加Si等一系列成分上的变化,显著改善其应力加速晶界氧化脆性(SAGBO性能),从此低膨胀高温合金在航空航天领域得到大量应用。为改善此类合金的抗氧化和降低裂纹扩展速率等性能,又进行了新合金系的研究,即以Inconel 783合金为代表的 Fe-Ni-Co-Al-Cr系合金和以Haynes 242合金为代表的Ni-Mo-Cr系合金的研究,这些合金在750℃仍能达到完全抗氧化,为新一代飞机发动机的发展提供了优质材料。

The development history of low thermal expansion superalloy has been reviewed in this paper. The basis of development for these kind of alloys was established by discovery of ' Invar effect' and ' age-hardening '. In 1970's, it was provided a good chance for development of low thermal expansion superalloys for the rapid developing of aerospace industry and the shock of energy sources lack. The stress-accelerated grain boundary oxidation embritllement (SAGBO) was obviously improved by modification of compositions, such as strengthening by Nb and Ti, elimination of Al, the addition of Si for early commercial Fe-Co- Ni (IN 9xx) alloy series. Afterward the low thermal expansion superalloys were wide applied in aerospace. New exploring work continues for improving oxidation resistance and decreasing crack propagation rates of alloys. The results were to obtain Fe-Co-Ni-Al-Cr and Ni-Mo-Cr series alloys representative Inconel alloy 783 and HAYNES 242 respectively. These alloys achieve full oxidation resistance up to 750℃ . Therefore it showed provide high quality material for new aero-engines.