1[39]Martin Malia, What is the intelligentsia, inR. Pipes(ed.'), The Russian Intellegentsia, Columbia University Press, 1961, pp. 1-18.
2[40]A. Pollard, The Russian Intelligentsia: the mind of Russia, California Slavic Studies, 1964, no. 3.
3[41]A. Cella, An Introduction to the Sociology of Intelligentsia, in A. Cella(ed.), The Intelligentsia and the Intellectuals, California, 1976, pp. 9-34.
4[42]I. Turgenev, The Novels and Stories of Ivan Turgenieff, trans, IsabellF. Hapgood, New York: Charles Scribner' s Sons, 1904, ⅩⅣ, p. 244.
5[43]SeeV. C. Nahirny, The Russian Intelligentsia: From Torment to Silence, New Brunswick and London, 1983,p. 5.
6[44]Ibid, p. 8.
7[45][46][47]de I' histoire polltique de la France de 1789 a 1914, ellipses, 1998,p.140.
