论思州田氏与元明思州宣慰司

The Clan of Tian and the Office of Xuanweisi in Sizhou during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties

自唐至明，田氏一直是黔东思州望族大姓，在黔、湘、鄂、渝边区举足轻重。本文对思州田氏的渊源进行了考辨，认为其族属应为土家族，元明思州宣慰司当为土家族土司。文章对思州田氏在元明两代的主要活动、与中央王朝的关系、中央王朝对它的管理以及明初改流、田氏覆灭等问题进行了系统的论述，基本梳理出思州田氏及思州宣慰司的历史发展轨迹。文章对诸籍记载各异、甚至矛盾的史料作了许多考辨，并提出了一些新的观点， 如认为思州一分为二（即南、北思州）应在元初，而非传统认为的元末；明初曾在思州直辖境内设置卫所等等。

From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the clan of Tian remained to be a distinguished one in the prefecture of Sizhou, Eastern Guizhou Province. And it occupied a decisive position in the border area neighboring Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei and Chongqing. After a textual research on the origin of the clan in Sizhou, this paper holds that the clan belonged to the Tujia in origin and that the office of Xuanweisi (native office of the prefecture) in Sizhou during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties should be assumed by the Tujia headman. This paper deals systematically with the clan's major activities during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, its relationship with the Central Court, the Central Court's administration of it, the reform of nomination of magistrates carried out in early Ming Dynasty, and the final fall of the clan. In this way, the historical tracks of the clan of Tian and the office of Xuanweisi in Sizhou are clarified by and large. By doing a lot of textual researches on different or even con tradictory historical accounts, the author puts forward some new points of view. For examples, the administrative division of Sizhou into two parts, i.e. northern Sizhou and southern Sizhou, should take place in early Yuan Dynasty, rather than late Yuan Dynasty as traditionally thought, and defense system was established under the jurisdiction of Sizhou in early Ming Dynasty.