由“鱼之乐”说及“知”之问题

On the Problem of "Knowing" from "Fish's Pleasure

本文借对《庄子·秋水》中“鱼之乐”寓言的分析，探讨中国古典哲学中“知”的复杂内涵。作者由分析《庄子·齐物论》中“知”的意义入手，疏解“鱼之乐”中“知”所包含的知识与信念两层含义纠缠的纽结，并联系西方哲学家如摩尔与维特根斯坦对“知道”与“相信”的用法的讨论，以深化对问题的认识，最后对比、揭示庄子与儒家对“自知”与“相知”的不同态度背后所寄托的不同生活或道德理想。

Surveying the allegory of 'Fish's Pleasure' in 'Autumn Water' of Chuang-tzu, this essay discusses the sophisticated meaning of 'Knowing'(Chi), a classic Chinese philosophical category. Beginning with the semantic analysis of the category in 'On Seeing Things as Equal' of Chuang-tzu, the author inquires into the meaning twist of knowledge and belief contained in 'Knowing' in 'Fish's Pleasure.' This problem is further studied by comparing G.F. Moor with L. Wittgenstein in the debate on using 'Know' and 'Believe.' Finally, the essay shows an interesting contrast of ethical ideals between Chuang-tzu and Confucianism by revealing their different ideas of Self-Knowing(Tzu-tchi) and Mutual-Knowing(Tsiangtchi).