“善良的”还是“无害的”——诺齐克政治哲学中的道德约束

Kind-hearted" or "Harmless" ──Moral Restraint in Nozick's Political Philosophy

在古代社会，“善良的”是国家对个人的要求。洛克在反对中世纪教会专制和绝对君主论的基础上提出：自由人在契约的基础上建立或废黜政府是合理的。因此，国家对个人的要求是受到大多数人对国家的要求限制的。诺齐克在洛克的基础上进一步提出：人的自由只有在自然权利的道德边际约束下产生的国家中才能得到保障，只有国家对个人自由权利的无害，才能确保个人对他人的无害。因此，国家对自由人的要求只能是“无害的”而不是“善良的”，“善良的”只能是个人对自己生活的道德要求。诺齐克没能解决当一个人无法保障自己的自然权利时，国家如何保障其自然权利的问题。只有建立在历史唯物主义基础上的道德边际约束递减律，才能有效解决这一问题。

In ancient society, a state demanded its people 'to be kind-hearet' .On the basis of rejecting medieval autocratic church and absolute monarchy, Locke put forward the idea that it was reasonable for free men to establish or dethrone a government on the basis of contract and that a state's demand on people was restricted by majority of people's de- mand on the state. Nozick further states that man's freedom can be guaranteed only in a state produced under restraints of moral boundary of natural rights.Only when a state is harmless to individual's free rights, can individual's harmlessness to others be ensured. Therefore, a state can only demand a free man to be 'harmless', but not 'kind-hearted'. 'Kind-heartedness' can only he the moral demand of an individual on his own life. Nozick fails to solve the problem how a state can ensure man's natural rights when he himself cannot do so. This problem can be effectively solved only by principles of progressive de- crease of restraints of moral boundary based on historical materialism.