弗里德曼中国宗族研究范式批判——兼论宗族研究范式的认同取向

A Criticism of Maurice Freedman's Paradigm for Study of Lineage System in China

弗里德曼的中国宗族研究范式对中国学界有极大的影响,同时也引发了许多直接或间接的学术批判,但迄今为止,学界对弗里德曼中国宗族理论的批评有一定偏颇,特别是对构成弗里德曼宗族研究范式之内核的地方化宗族和组织化宗族理论没有进行足够的反思。此外,由于解放后中国宗族的演变超出了弗里德曼所勾勒的传统宗族模式,上世纪80年代以来"复兴的宗族"与弗里德曼所论及的传统宗族也有明显的区别,因此弗里德曼的组织化宗族和地方化宗族的研究取向对于当代中国的宗族研究已经不太有效。当代中国的宗族是一个复杂多面的社会文化现象,以文化认同作为当下宗族研究的可选进路,有助于突破宗族研究中的理性主义、功能主义解释策略之局限性。

Maurice Freedman s paradigm for study of lineage system in China arouses many criticisms,immediate or subtle,most of which are somewhat disoriented and impertinent.This paper focuses on the generally neglected but central part of Freedman s theories,including both localized lineage and organized lineage.But,it is obvious that Freedman s paradigm is not applicable either to the new situation emerged in the early 1980s and in rural China,or to the contemporary cases.Kinship system in contemporary China is a s...