新中国农业合作化进程中的分配制度变迁及其政治含义

Changes of the Distribution System in Agricultural Cooperative Movement in New China and Its Political Connotation

工分、土地和基本口粮是农业合作化时期决定合作社社员可支配收益分配的三个基本要素,三者反映着合作社内不同生产条件农户的利益要求。在从互助组、初级社向高级社转化过程中,土地收益不断降低直到被取消,工分分配和基本口粮分配比例不断上升。这种变化既是合作社内不同阶层"博弈"的结果,也体现着这一时期国家对于乡村控制能力的变化。在合作化进程中,社会主义的根本目标决定了国家始终与占乡村人口最多数的贫农、下中农结合在一起,目的是最大程度地减少社会主义改造的阻力,但后期过高的"口粮分配"比例却造就了越来越严重的平均主义分配模式;过早地取消土地等"要素分配"导致了生产条件较好的农户对于合作社的离心倾向。

The Work Points System,land and necessary grain were the only three elements that constructed the disposable benefits of cooperative s members in agricultural cooperation movement,one of which represented the different requirements of households with different productivity.From mutual aid group to cooperative,then to advanced cooperatives,the benefits of land in distribution system kept diminishing while the proportion of the work points system and necessary grain in the distribution system continually incr...