1Jonathan N. Lipman: "Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China ", "introduction ", xvii, University of Washington Press, 1997.
2Dru Gladney: "Muslim Chinese:Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic". Harvard University Press, 1991.
3Jonathan N.Lipman: " Familiar Strangers, A History of Muslims in Northwest China", University of Washington Press, 1997，第215页，第104页，第106页，第217页，第98页，第97页，第99页，第101页，第221页，第104页，第136页，第224页，第215页. introduction,xx,xxv.
4Jonathan N. Lipman: "Familiar Strangers, A History of Muslims in Northwest China" ,introduction, xvii - xxxvi.
