宪政:宪治与法治的伦理基础(下)

Constitutional Government:The Ethical Foundation of the Rule of Constitution and Law(Ⅱ)

宪政即是通过以宪法为基础而创构特定价值坐标的治政理念以及由此为原则而建立起国家的政治治理实体与方略。宪政的基本构成有三:建立共和政体和民主政制,制定以共和精神和契约精神为基本规范的宪法,建立国家政权和政府;宪政设计所需要解决的根本问题是:如何分配权利并如何维护和保障人人平等的存在人权和生存权利?哪些人才有资格行使国家权力?如何分配和制衡国家权力?对此三者谋求真正解决,必以对人、欲、权予以宪政定位为前提,这就涉及宪政伦理学:政治和法律只能运用价值尺度,追求价值实现;只有宪政伦理学,才能够为国家宪政设计和实施奠定思想基石,创造伦理理想,提供价值尺度、价值导向系统和行动原则。

Constitutional polity is both the notion of constructing constitution-determined value parameters and the system of governance plus operational strategies of a state established according to such principle. The three basic components of constitutional polity are 1) a democratic republic, 2) a constitution based on the spirit of republicanism and social contract, and 3) national political authority with a government. The design of a constitutional polity needs to seek solutions to the fundamental issues of how to distribute power, how to maintain and guarantee equal human rights and the right of existence, who are qualified to exercise state powers, and how to distribute and balance state powers. Actual solutions to these issues come from constitutional definitions of man, desire, and rights, which involves constitutional ethics since politics and law can only apply values and only constitutional ethics can offer the thinking foundation for the design, establish the ethical ideal, and provide the value yardstick, value orientation system, and principles of action.