适宜空间认知结果表达的地图形式

Maps Adaptable to Represent Spatial Cognition

心象地图是驻留在记忆中的关于地理世界空间特征认知结果的表达,具有如下特征:空间表达的非均一性、内容选取的主观性、空间定位的非确定性、度量特征上的非精确性。心象地图的可视化需要由特殊的图形形式来承担,经过分析提出了适宜这一表达特征的3种可视化技术,包括面向道路网认知表达的路网构架图、专题属性空间定位信息认知表达的面域拓扑图、虚拟网络空间导航认知的赛伯网络图。基于地图的定义,对这3种可视化形式度量特征进行了讨论,认为它们在有序量尺度上具有可度量特征。

Spatial cognition deals with the cognition of spatial properties of the world,including location,size,distance,direction,shape,pattern,movement,and inter-object relations.Mental map is the representation result of spatial cognition about such spatial characteristics of the real geographic world.It has the following properties: heterogeneously representing space,subjectively selecting objects,uncertainly locating entity,and inaccurately measuring scale.The mental map consists of discrete pieces,such as landmarks,routes and regions,which is determined by physical,perceptual,or conceptual boundaries.For the content organization,the pieces have multiple levels without complete connection revealed by patterns of errors.In order to represent and visualize this kind of map,special visualization methods are required rather than the traditional map.This study investigates some qualitative visualization approaches presenting three methods to represent mental maps focused on different contents.They are the schematic map representing road network cognition,the cartogram map representing the area distribution information cognition and the cybermap representing the topological cyberspace cognition.The schematic map is a linear abstractions of functional networks including roads,railways,shipping lanes and footpaths.The network representation clarifies the operational relationships and describes the topology in simplified form.The schematic map suits for representing network cognition because it closely mimics the way we store the road cognition information about our physical environment in our memory.The orientation and distance representation is coarse but the relative connection relationship is accurate.This kind of qualitative visualization focuses on the topological relationship which is important in our quickly searching for the navigation information.In our mind we also use the simple map to represent and to justify the spatial orientation and distance.In contrast,the traditional cartographic road map is difficult to get the navigation although it is accurate.The cartogram,also called value-by-area map is a type of graphic that depicts attributes of geographic objects as the object's area.The value-by-area mapping technique encodes the mapped data in a simple and efficient manner.The attribute can be a country's population,its literacy rate,or GDP.In our memory the important attribute usually gets a large image patch and the spatial relation distributes in a topological connection rather than accurate connection.We don't care the exact spatial relation,object shape and orientation.The cartogram converts the background data to a visualization representation so that the attribute information is easy to recognize.So the cartogram map is adaptable to represent attribute information cognition.The cyberspace is defined as a computer-generated landscape,the virtual space of a global computer network,linking all people,computer and sources of various information in the world through which one could navigate.As the virtual space cognition tool,the cyber map provides the user with quick ways to access what he wants,to navigate the hit paths.It focuses on the topological information representation in virtual space cognition and navigation.This kind of map can be used to represent the cognition information about virtual space.Three qualitative representation maps have the same property that concerns on the topological information to describe the coarse cognition result in our mind.From the perspective of the map definition,the paper examines the measurement characteristics and proves that they have measurement properties at order scale level.