碑石所见清代后期陕南地区的水利问题与自然灾害

Water Conservancy and Natural Disasters as Seen from Steles in the Late Qing Southern Shaanxi Region

经历了明清时期的全面开发，秦巴山区的生态环境发生了显著变化。以水土流失为核心，水文条件恶化，从而影响到灌溉堰渠等水利设施及其效益，与此相关联，自然灾害，尤其洪涝灾害增多加剧的趋势相当显著。本文主要依据汉中、兴安二府所存碑石资料，考察了清代后期陕南地区堰渠水利发生的一系列变化：灌溉面积盈缩无定，用水秩序混乱，修浚困难重重等，并探讨了与这些变化相关的自然、社会因素。同时，对清代后期该地区自然灾害（以水患为主）的基本特征及其与人类活动的相互关联进行了初步研究。

Due to excessive opening of new lands during the Ming - Qing period, the ecology and hydrology of the mountainous areas of Shaanxi witnessed some distinctly negative changes. Serious soil erosion led to increasingly ineffective irrigation canals and other types of water conservancy, as well as to the rapidly growing number of natural disasters, especially floods. This essay relies on stele inscriptions from Hanzhong and Xingan prefectures to investigate the changes that irrigation and water conservancy induced in Shaanxi during the late Qing. The article also examines the special characteristics of natural disasters, and the relationship between natural disasters and human activities in this locale.